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- %CO:A,8,72%Paul has a problem. The weight of Archive is (almost) literally
- pressing on his shoulders, because of the vast numbers of back-issues
- stored over his and his gallant staff's heads. (now I have a problem
- because I don't know if that apostrophe was correct!)
-
- He his, understandably, concerned that the floor might not be capable
- of providing continued support to all the unread pearls of wisdom
- accumulated above. Can we help? Yes! Buy back-issues. Can the
- Archimedes (sorry, Acorn-acronymous-processing-machine) help? Possibly.
-
- Lets see if we can provide some reassurance, by using the computer.
- First a bit of general background to what makes a floor stay up. The
- floor is likely to be constructed of softwood joists (ie beams) placed
- parallel to each other and spanning between two walls (let's say 175mm
- x 50mm at 400mm centres spanning 3m). The capacity of the joists is
- limited by several factors eg shear and bending capacity, deflection
- etc. The most important two in domestic cases likely to be bending and
- deflection.
-
- The job required of the joists is to carry the load above, but what
- load? First there is the weight of the floor itself called the Dead
- Load, likely to be of the order of 0.5 to 0.6 KN/m%H6%2%H6%. That reads "kilo
- Newtons per square metre" - remember Isaac being bopped on the head by
- an apple? A Newton is 100grammes x 9.81 m/s%H6%2%H6% ie about ΒΌ lb ie about 1
- apple! Next comes the Live Load ie anything which can be removed. This
- has to cover Archive staff, their furniture and the odd magazine they
- leave lying around! In normal domestic cases 1.5KN/m%H6%2%H6% is used for
- design.
-
- A slight digression now: different types of building material are
- considered in one of two ways for design, namely Safe and Ultimate.
- In steel for example stresses used are those at the ultimate state ie
- when the beam buckles or bends in failure. Loads are factored up to
- achieve an overall Safety Factor. Timber, by contrast, is currently
- designed using Safe Working Stresses, but with the actual loads
- expected. The two methods give similar, but not identical, answers.
-
- As this is a timber floor (we think) we will use the loads as they
- are and restrict our stresses to "Safe" values. Here we have more
- variables which affect our calculation: number of members acting
- together, duration of load, type of wood, moisture content etc etc.
- Generally however we can say good softwood will safely sustain a
- bending stress of 5.3N/mm%H6%2%H6%. This can be increased by 1.1 as we have
- several joists acting together.
-
- So to a design (or more accurately analysis)... Maximum Bending
- Moment of a uniformly loaded beam is given by w x l%H6%2%H6% /8 (load per m
- times span squared over 8). Bending Stress of a rectangular beam is
- given by Bending Moment / Section Moudulus, z which = b x d%H6%2%H6% / 6
- (breadth times depth squared over 6). If you are still awake you will
- see that we need to compare these various elements in some way to see
- if Paul is now sitting with a pile of rubble around him. Perhaps the
- best way is to calculate Moment of Resistance and hope it is greater
- than Applied Moment. This is okay for one case with all the variables
- known. If, however, we want to find what the capacity is, with possible
- sizes spacing and spans etc a spreadsheet is an obvious way forward.
- Included is a PipeDream template file which offers a means of altering
- the variables and giving immediate results.
-
- To persue the one example, however, the sum goes as follows:
-
- Actual Live Load (say) : 1 Archive = 120g approx.( = 1.2N)
- Area = 0.21 x 0.15
- hence for 1m%H6%2%H6%, "Archive" Load = 1.2/(0.21 x 0.15) = 38 N/m%H6%2%H6%/mag.
- if in piles 20 magazines high, Archive Load = 0.76KN/m%H6%2%H6%
- if in piles 40 high " " = 1.52 " (ie our Limit)
-
- Applied Moment = (1.52 + 0.6) x 0.4 (spacing) x 3 x 3 / 8 = 0.954 KN.m
-
- Moment of Resistance = 5.3 x 1.1 x 50 x 175 x 175 / 6 x 10%H6%6%H6%= 1.48 KN.m
-
- hence,..... M. o. R. > App. M. equals happiness.
-
- If the values are as I have guessed, Paul now has a means of assessing
- the risk of working downstairs. The template gives deflection values
- which I won't go into here. Of course the example assumes uniform
- loading, and I know Paul has moved his mags close to the walls. This is
- too complex to deal with here but if he sends me a sketch with layout
- and dimensions I would be happy to check it further for him. The
- template is able to cope with a distributed load which only applies to
- part of the joist. Meanwhile I hope this brief discourse into
- Structural Engineering on the Archimedes has been of passing interest.
- Anyone care to explore Nuclear Fusion or Relativity for us?
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